玉米热激蛋白ZmHSP70-12基因的克隆及表达分析

热激蛋白70(HSP70)是原核和真核细胞中普遍存在的一种高度保守的分子伴侣。从玉米中克隆1个HSP70家族成员。该基因cDNA序列全长为1 992 bp,开放阅读框为2 352 bp,编码663个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量约75.0 kD。蛋白结构预测及同源比对分析表明,该基因编码蛋白含ATPase位点和HSP70保守结构域,与拟南芥AtHSP70-12序列高度相似,命名为ZmHSP70-12。蛋白亚细胞定位显示,ZmHSP70-12蛋白在内质网中表达。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,ZmHSP70-12对非生物胁迫高温、干旱均具有明显的应答反应,推测ZmHSP70-12是玉米中与胁迫逆境相关的基因。     

Resistance Evaluation of Some Commonly Used Maize Germplasm Resources to Fusarium Diseases in China

【Objective】 Maize ear rot, stalk rot and sheath rot are the three common Fusarium diseases in maize producing areas in China, and there is a trend of serious mixing occurrence in recent years. The main pathogens of the three major diseases are F. verticillioides, F. graminearum and F. proliferatum. Planting resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control this kind of diseases. The objective of this study is to screen out the maize resistant germplasms to ear rot, stalk rot and sheath rot, and to provide references for scientific breeding and rational layout of maize varieties.【Method】 Sixteen common inbred lines of maize including B73, B37, Zheng 58, Chang 7-2, Qi 319 and so on were selected to inoculate F. verticillioides, F. graminearum, and F. proliferatum on maize ears, stalks and sheaths, respectively. The suspension spores of F. verticillioides were injected into healthy maize ears along the filament channel with a continuous syringe at silk stage. The stem of the first aboveground segment of healthy maize was pinned and then injected with the suspension spores of F. graminearum. The suspension spores of F. proliferatum were injected into the sheath of the aboveground 2-5 internodes along the base of healthy maize sheath. Sterile water was used as control. In 2016 and 2018, experiments were conducted in fields to evaluate the disease index of ear rot, sheath rot and the lesion areas of stalk rot, so as to evaluate the resistance level to the ear rot, stalk rot and sheath rot.【Result】 The tested inbred lines Ji 853, OH43 and X178 were moderate resistance to ear rot, 13 of the tested inbred lines such as B73, B37, PH6WC, Ye 478, Zheng 58, 9058, Chang 7-2, Xun 928, Mo17, A619, PH4CV, Qi 319 and 13-1077 were sensitivity or high sensitivity to ear rot; 8 of the tested inbred lines including Qi 319, PH4CV, Mo17, 9058, B37, B73, Chang 7-2 and 13-1077 were moderate resistance and high resistance to stalk rot, 7 of the tested inbred lines such as Zheng 58, Ye 478, PH6WC, Xun 928, Ji 853, A619 and OH43 were sensitivity or high sensitivity to stalk rot; 15 of the tested inbred lines such as B73, B37, Zheng 58, Ye 478, PH6WC, 9058, Chang 7-2, Ji 853, Xun 928, Mo17, A619, PH4CV, OH43, Qi 319 and 13-1077 were moderate resistance or resistance to sheath rot. According to the population of 16 inbred lines, Reid group was susceptible to ear rot. Lancaster group and Tangsipingtou group were resistant to sheath rot. The resistant levels of other groups to Fusarium diseases dispersed to a large extent, and there was no obvious regularity.【Conclusion】 The tested inbred lines Ji 853 and OH43 showed moderate resistance or resistance to sheath rot and ear rot, 8 of the tested inbred lines including Qi 319, PH4CV, Mo17, 9058, B37, B73, Chang 7-2 and 13-1077 showed moderate resistance, resistance or high resistance to sheath rot and stalk rot, but the materials with good resistance to all three diseases had not yet been screened, and other germplasm resources needed to be further screened.     

植物种子大小调控信号通路研究进展

种子发育及其调控机制是发育生物学中重要的问题。在被子植物中,种子发育从双受精事件开始,继而形成二倍体胚和三倍体胚乳,种皮包裹着胚和胚乳,胚、胚乳和种皮协调生长和调控,从而确定种子的最终大小。种子生长主要由合子组织和母体的内部遗传信息控制。种子大小可通过调节胚乳生长来控制,即种子大小取决于合子组织的基因型。母体为胚胎和胚乳的生长提供空间,种皮发育决定种子大小的上限,说明母体组织的基因型也调控着种子的大小。目前已知控制种子大小的信号途径主要有:IKU(HAIKU)通路、泛素-蛋白酶体通路、G(Guanosine triphosphate)蛋白信号通路和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路,植物激素和转录调节因子。本研究综述了拟南芥和水稻两种模式植物种子大小调控的研究进展,主要围绕调控因子的遗传和分子机制展开。     

小麦TaPP2-A13基因的表达响应逆境胁迫并与SCF复合体接头蛋白TaSKP1相互作用

为探究韧皮部蛋白2(Phloem protein 2,PP2)基因在小麦(Triticum aestivum)响应逆境胁迫中的功能及作用机制,本文以小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr15为材料获得一个小麦韧皮部蛋白2基因TaPP2-A13。该基因编码一个由298个氨基酸组成的亲水性蛋白质,相对分子量为33.18 kD,等电点为6.36。其N端为F-box结构域,C端具有典型的PP2结构域,属于F-box/PP2(FBP)亚家族成员。TaPP2-A13与禾本科植物中PP2-A13蛋白的亲缘关系较近。表达模式分析表明,TaPP2-A13的表达受叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)侵染的诱导,且感病组合中表达更强。用脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)和甲基茉莉酸(MeJA)处理后,TaPP2-A13总体呈现上调表达趋势。利用聚乙二醇(PEG)和H2O2处理后,小麦TaPP2-A13显著下调表达,而NaCl处理后TaPP2-A13呈现先上调后下调的表达趋势。亚细胞定位结果表明TaPP2-A13在细胞核和细胞质均有分布。以构建的重组载体BD-TaPP2-A13为诱饵筛选酵母文库,获得11种可能与TaPP2-A13互作的蛋白,酵母双杂交(Yeast 2 Hybrid,Y2H)确定其中的5种蛋白TaPP2C5、TaSLY1、TaCHI、TaRbcS和TaSKP1分别与TaPP2-A13存在相互作用。进一步利用BiFC和Co-IP确认TaSKP1与TaPP2-A13两种蛋白质之间的相互作用关系,推测TaPP2-A13可能为SCF复合体成员。本研究结果为深入解析TaPP2-A13蛋白的功能,并探究其调控网络奠定了基础。     

禾谷镰孢漆酶样多铜氧化酶的鉴定及其表达模式

 子囊菌禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)可侵染玉米茎部造成严重的玉米茎腐病。漆酶样多铜氧化酶(Laccase-like multicopper oxidase)具有广泛的作用底物且在植物病原真菌中参与病菌侵染,促进病菌定殖。利用已知真菌漆酶的蛋白序列在禾谷镰孢中鉴定得到14个漆酶样多铜氧化酶,分属5种亚家族。通过对其在侵染玉米茎部不同时间后的芯片数据分析表明FGSG_02142、FGSG_05159在菌丝、孢子及侵染各阶段表达量均较高,FGSG_02328、FGSG_13185和FGSG_00142在侵染阶段表达量明显增加,其他基因表达量相对较低;试验进而利用qPCR检测了部分差异基因在接种玉米感病种质资源B73和抗病种质资源Mo17中的相对表达量,结果显示,禾谷镰孢FGSG_00142基因在B73中的表达量明显高于在抗病材料Mo17中的表达量,而毒素相关基因FGSG_02328在接种Mo17时表达也出现延迟,推测这2个基因均参与了禾谷镰孢的侵染过程。     

Characterization of laccase gene StLAC6 and its involvement in the pathogenicity and peroxisome function in Setosphaeria turcica

Laccases, as a kind of multicopper oxidase, play an important role in pigment synthesis and growth in fungi and are involved in their interactions with host plants. In Setosphaeria turcica, 9 laccase-like multicopper oxidases have been identified, and StLAC2 is involved in the synthesis of the melanin that accumulates in the cell wall. The function of another major laccase gene, StLAC6, was studied here. The knockout of StLAC6 had no effect on the growth, morphology or invasion ability of S. turcica, but the morphology and function of peroxisomes of knockout mutants were abnormal. The knockout of the StLAC6 gene resulted in increased contents of phenolic compounds and melanin and the sensitivity to fungicides increased compared with wild type strains. In the mutants of StLAC6, there is a significant change of the expression levels of other laccase genes. This study provides a new insight into laccase functions and the relationship of the laccase gene family in plant pathogenic fungi.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Commelina communis in China based on simple sequence repeat markers

Commelina communis (Asiatic dayflower) is a troublesome weed in China. Genetic variation of 46 C. communis populations from different collection sites in our country was investigated using 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. Polymorphism analysis results showed high level of genetic diversity among these populations. The alleles (bands) were amplified by these primer pairs. The polymorphic proportion was 18.25%, and the average polymorphism information content was 0.1330. The highest effective number of alleles was 1.9915 at locus YP33, and the lowest value was 1.0000 at both loci YP25 and YP31. C. communis showed major average observed heterozygosity value (0.8655) than that of average expected heterozygosity (0.1330). C. communis populations were divided into three groups on the basis of unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis (Dice genetic similarity coefficient=0.772) and genetic structure analysis (K=3), and a principal coordinate analysis. The results of this study further illustrated that C. communis populations contained abundant genetic information, and the 12 SSR markers could detect the microsatellite loci of C. communis genomic DNA. These results might indicate that C. communis maintains high genetic diversity among different populations.     

禾谷镰孢漆酶样多铜氧化酶的鉴定及其表达模式

 子囊菌禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)可侵染玉米茎部造成严重的玉米茎腐病。漆酶样多铜氧化酶(Laccase-like multicopper oxidase)具有广泛的作用底物且在植物病原真菌中参与病菌侵染,促进病菌定殖。利用已知真菌漆酶的蛋白序列在禾谷镰孢中鉴定得到14个漆酶样多铜氧化酶,分属5种亚家族。通过对其在侵染玉米茎部不同时间后的芯片数据分析表明FGSG_02142、FGSG_05159在菌丝、孢子及侵染各阶段表达量均较高,FGSG_02328、FGSG_13185和FGSG_00142在侵染阶段表达量明显增加,其他基因表达量相对较低;试验进而利用qPCR检测了部分差异基因在接种玉米感病种质资源B73和抗病种质资源Mo17中的相对表达量,结果显示,禾谷镰孢FGSG_00142基因在B73中的表达量明显高于在抗病材料Mo17中的表达量,而毒素相关基因FGSG_02328在接种Mo17时表达也出现延迟,推测这2个基因均参与了禾谷镰孢的侵染过程。     

玉米内生菌L10的分离、鉴定及拮抗活性

为获得对玉米茎腐病主要病原菌禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum有明显拮抗作用的玉米内生菌,采用平板对峙法从成熟健康玉米茎秆中筛选禾谷镰孢拮抗菌株,并分析其抗菌谱;通过形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析进行菌种鉴定;利用盆栽生防试验检测其对玉米茎腐病的防治效果。结果表明,共分离获得了164株玉米内生细菌菌株,其中L10菌株对禾谷镰孢具有较好的抑制效果,抑菌圈半径达1.68 cm;该菌对玉米大斑病菌Setosphaeria turcica、层出镰孢F. proliferatum、禾谷镰孢F. graminearum、拟轮枝镰孢F. verticilliodes、玉米弯孢叶斑病菌Curvularia lunata、玉米小斑病菌Bipolaris maydis、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、茄链格孢Alternaria solani共8种植物病原菌均有拮抗作用,尤其对禾谷镰孢抑制效果最佳;结合形态特征、生理生化性质及16S rDNA序列分析,将L10菌株鉴定为多粘类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa。L10菌株脂肽类物质对禾谷镰孢菌具有较好的抑制活性,且盆栽生防试验结果显示该菌株对玉米茎腐病具有一定的防治效果。表明菌株L10对玉米镰孢茎腐病的防治具有一定潜力。